Almost anything can be grown in pots
for many veggies there are compact varieties, or you can choose trailing or climbing ones. It is not too late to plant courgettes, carrots, peas, swiss chard and other greens like pak choi, perpetual spinach, lettuce and kale, if you get them in quickly. It's a bit late for tomatoes unless you can buy some plants that are already up a bit. Tiny Tim tomatoes are a teeny plant that can grow on the windowsill and they might do OK now. You may be able to sow a few spuds in a large pot (or a supermarket bag for life will do) and have fresh new potatoes for Christmas! Herbs of course grow well in pots. Pea shoots are good as a salad leaf, just cram lots of dried peas or pea seeds into a pot of soil, cover with a half inch or so of soil and cut when they are a couple of inches high.
For winter sowings you can also do cauliflowers (I've got purple and green ones growing), purple sprouting broccoli, cabbages, brussels sprouts and maybe some winter squash if it's not too late for those. I'm in the same position as you are, just put your pots in the sunniest place you can, don't cram them all in, fewer plants with plenty of space in big pots will do far better than tons of plants squished in (learned from experience that one
) and plant some pretty things to encourage natural predators and pollinators